Taking All That Into Account を踏まえて・に照らして・に則って

にもとづいて means “based on,” and introduces the evidence, rules, or information that supports a decision. It is close to に基づいて and をもとに.

These formal expressions all connect an action to a basis, but describe different relationships. を踏まえて says a decision takes prior facts or experience into account; に照らして checks something against a standard; に則って says an action follows a rule or established principle. They are common in reports, policy explanations, and formal discussion.

を踏まえて presents earlier information or experience as the basis for the next decision or action. The noun before を is something the speaker has considered, not necessarily a rule that dictates what must happen.

に照らして means “in light of” or “against” a standard, rule, or evidence. It emphasizes evaluation: the case is checked by comparing it with the stated basis.

に則って says that an action follows a law, rule, policy, or established principle. It is formal and often appears in written or institutional language. The noun before に is the standard the action conforms to.

をもとに means “based on” or “using X as source material.” It often introduces data, interviews, or an original work used to create something: 調査結果をもとに報告書を作る, “prepare a report based on the survey results.” It focuses on source material, while を踏まえて stresses taking facts into consideration.

Vocabulary